This is something I've been learning a bit about lately in my studies, how various types of weight loss surgery work.
To my understanding, different sections of the small intestine secrete different incretin hormones as food being digested passes through it. In the uppermost sections starting with the duodenum, a hormone called GIP is produced, while further down the intestines another hormone called GLP-1 is produced instead.
The flow-on effects of the two hormones are quite interesting. GLP-1 is said to help reduce insulin and increase glucagon, while GIP apparently raises both. That's a bit weird as generally insulin and glucagon work in opposition to each other.
Now comes the kicker. Since processed food that is more rapidly/easily digested is handled more in those upper sections of the intestine than whole foods which take longer to digest and so spend more time further down the line, so to speak, this can form a meaningful explanation for why processed foods in general can be a bad idea.
Some bariatric surgery methods are designed to help bypass the duodenum for this reason, to direct food more towards the lower intestines where the incretin hormone balance that results can be more beneficial. There is apparently another downside though, in that the duodenum area is supposed to be where a number of key vitamins tend to be absorbed. So anyone looking to bypass the duodenum by any means may need to look at vitamin supplementation to prevent deficiencies.
(This is all just me off the top of my head though, and I just woke up, so...
)
So yeah, this idea of burning/damaging/bypassing the duodenum all feels a bit more like a workaround than an actual solution to the problem. Just eat real food, prevention is better than cure and all that.