Feel like instigating a heated verbal brawl? Enter a room filled with strength coaches, personal trainers and exercise physiologists and ask how many reps per set you should be doing to gain mass.

High reps, medium reps, low reps have been touted as ideal ways to build muscle. Stalwarts in the exercise biz argue with deep-rooted passion, but incontrovertible conclusions are rare, leaving the average Joe wondering, Okay, which range should I use to get bigger?

Here we build separate cases for high, medium and low reps and render a verdict on which is the best choice for increasing muscle mass. The weight room will now come to order.

Suspect No. 1: High Reps (15 or more)

If you've ever tried a set of 15 or more reps, you know it can be difficult. If you're unaccustomed to training in this zone, you'll find your muscles fatigue quickly, and 40 pounds starts to feel more like 100 by the final rep.

Sets that stretch past 15 reps, though, have one major drawback: The amount of weight you can handle isn't heavy enough to recruit fast-twitch type-2 muscle fibers. So what, you ask? Simply put, type-2 fibers are where the potential for growth resides, and they respond only to heavy weights at least 75 percent of your one-rep max.


High-rep training is, however, an excellent means of increasing muscular endurance. If you're after sports-specific adaptations such as a throwing arm for softball that can hold out for more than half an inning or legs that will carry you to the finish line of a marathon high reps can help. But if size is paramount, high reps won't get it done, especially if the preponderance of your training lies in this zone.

Suspect No. 2: Low Reps (five or less)

In weight training, one adage has stood the test of time: To get big, you have to get strong. Taking that to an extreme, many lifters adopt a powerlifting approach, coupling very heavy weights with low reps. Take a look around your gym, and you're likely to find an aspiring bodybuilder or two struggling through sets of squats or bench presses with weights at or near their one-rep maxes.

This method is a sure strength builder, and if you take a close look at any successful powerlifter, you'll notice the added mass in his frame.

However, low-rep training has one significant shortcoming: Muscle-fiber stimulation, and thus growth, is correlated closely to the amount of time a muscle is under tension. Short, intense sets of 15 seconds or less will develop strength, but they simply aren't as effective in prodding a muscle to grow as sets of 30 to 60 seconds

Suspect No. 3: Moderate Reps (8-12)

The time-under-tension theory leads us to our third suspect: eight- to 12-rep sets. At a cadence of two seconds on the concentric (lifting) action and two seconds on the eccentric (lowering) movement, your set will end up smack dab in the middle of the optimum 30- to 60-second range.

Why is that range critical? Because when the set lasts longer than a few seconds, the body is forced to rely on the glycolytic-energy system, which leads to the formation of lactic acid. You may think of lactic acid as a bad thing, since it's mistakenly associated with the muscle ache you feel days after a workout, but that soreness is actually a very fleeting reaction that's vital to new muscle-tissue production.

When lactic acid, or lactate, pools in large amounts, it induces a surge in anabolic-hormone levels within the body, including the ultrapotent growth hormone and the big daddy of muscle-building, testosterone. These circulating hormones create a highly anabolic state within the body and if you're after more muscle, that's exactly the state you want to be in.

The increased time under tension also leads to more muscle damage, imperative if you plan on getting larger any time soon. Theoretically, the longer a muscle is contracted, the greater the potential for damage to the tissue.

The moderate-rep range, when coupled with a challenging weight, will also bring about a much-desired condition: the muscle pump. That tight, full feeling under the skin, caused by blood pooling in the muscle, has value beyond its ego-expanding qualities. Studies have demonstrated that the physiological conditions which lead to a pump activate protein synthesis and limit protein breakdown.

Thus, more of the protein you eat goes toward muscle construction instead of being burned off for energy. In a scientific twist of good fortune, the fast-twitch fibers appear to be the biggest beneficiaries of this phenomenon.

THE VERDICT

In the final analysis, substantial evidence argues that training in a moderate-rep range is the best way to build muscle mass. It increases hormone response, spares protein, and provides the necessary time under tension to spark muscle damage. These benefits work in unison to get you from pencil neck to powerhouse in no time.

But does this mean you should store your low-rep and high-rep regimens away in the closet, underneath your parachute pants and Thriller album?

Certainly not. To make sure your body doesn't adapt to a particular regimen and stagnate, you need variety. Cycle periods of low-rep training and high-rep training into your overall program, while progressively trying to increase your strength and perfect your exercise form every time you lift.

Case closed.

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: PERIODIZATION

Periodization Planner

If your haphazard training has been producing mixed results for a while now, consider periodizing your training. Periodization is a system of training that organizes your workout into distinct cycles. Because each cycle has specific objectives, the number of reps for each varies sharply.

A typical periodization plan usually consists of three or four phases (depending on your goals):

Phase 1: Preparatory, consisting of extremely high volume (15 or more reps, three to five sets) and low resistance.

Phase 2: Hypertrophy, or growth, consisting of high volume (eight to 12 reps, three to five sets) and moderate resistance (50 percent to 75 percent of one-rep max).

Phase 3: Strength, consisting of moderate volume (five or six reps, three to five sets) and heavy resistance (80 percent to 88 percent of one-rep max).

Phase 4: Power, consisting of low volume (two to four reps, three to five sets) and very heavy resistance (90 percent to 95 percent of one-rep max).

To build the explosive strength necessary for competition, athletes frequently use Phase 4, the power phase.

For the average Joe who’s merely after more impressive weight-room results, Phases 1 through 3 are the way to go.

The following is a simple three-month periodization cycle that can be used by both gym novices and grizzled veterans:

Devote one month to each phase, gradually increasing resistance while decreasing the number of sets as the month progresses.

After the completion of this three-month cycle, actively rest (run, hike, play basketball, etc.) for a week or two before hitting the weights hard again.

In the interest of simplicity, we have not changed the exercises between cycles. Traditionally, however, the exercises do vary.

Note how the number of repetitions changes per phase. This will maximize growth by engaging the greatest number of muscle-fiber types.

Preparatory Phase

EXERCISE SETS REPS
Squat 3-5 15 or more
Hamstring Curl 3-5 15 or more
Bent-over row 3-5 15 or more
Bench press 3-5 15 or more
Triceps dip 3-5 15 or more
Barbell curl 3-5 15 or more

Hypertrophy Phase

EXERCISE SETS REPS
Squat 3-5 8-12
Hamstring Curl 3-5 8-12
Bent-over row 3-5 8-12
Bench press 3-5 8-12
Triceps dip 3-5 8-12
Barbell curl 3-5 8-12

Strength Phase

EXERCISE SETS REPS
Squat 3-5 5-6
Hamstring Curl 3-5 5-6
Bent-over row 3-5 5-6
Bench press 3-5 5-6
Triceps dip 3-5 5-6
Barbell curl 3-5 5-6

Again, this is an overly simplified plan, but even if you followed this without using alternate exercises each phase, you will see good results in all of your muscle groups.

I always manage to gleen something of personal use from these posts of yours, Dan. You just answered a question that I didnt even know I had!

Thanks again,
Nat

Always happy to help.