Active Low-Carber Forums - insulin and inflammation study

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Every meal triggers inflammation

When we eat, we do not just take in nutrients -- we also consume a significant quantity of bacteria. The body is faced with the challenge of simultaneously distributing the ingested glucose and fighting these bacteria. This triggers an inflammatory response that activates the immune systems of healthy individuals and has a protective effect, as doctors from the University and the University Hospital Basel have proven for the first time. In overweight individuals, however, this inflammatory response fails so dramatically that it can lead to diabetes.

It is well known that type 2 diabetes (or adult-onset diabetes) leads to chronic inflammation with a range of negative impacts. A number of clinical studies have therefore treated diabetes by impeding the over-production of a substance involved in this process, Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). In diabetes patients, this messenger substance triggers chronic inflammation and causes insulin-producing beta cells to die off.

Activation of the immune system

This inflammation does have some positive aspects, however, as was recently reported in the journal Nature Immunology by researchers from the Department of Biomedicine at the University and the University Hospital Basel. In healthy individuals, short-term inflammatory responses play an important role in sugar uptake and the activation of the immune system.

In their work, Professor Marc Donath, Head of the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism at the University Hospital Basel and his research team demonstrate that the number of macrophages (a type of immune cell) around the intestines increases during meal times. These so-called "scavenger cells" produce the messenger substance IL-1beta in varying amounts, depending on the concentration of glucose in the blood. This, in turn, stimulates insulin production in pancreatic beta cells. The insulin then causes the macrophages to increase IL-1beta production. Insulin and IL-1beta work together to regulate blood sugar levels, while the messenger substance IL-1beta ensures that the immune system is supplied with glucose and thus remains active.

Bacteria and nutrients

According to the researchers, this mechanism of the metabolism and immune system is dependent on the bacteria and nutrients that are ingested during meals. With sufficient nutrients, the immune system is able to adequately combat foreign bacteria. Conversely, when there is a lack of nutrients, the few remaining calories must be conserved for important life functions at the expense of an immune response. This may go some way towards explaining why infectious diseases occur more frequently in times of famine.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releas...70116121912.htm

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This may go some way towards explaining why infectious diseases occur more frequently in times of famine.

This bit reminds me of this Junkfood Science blog post about calorie restriction in rhesus monkeys;

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As we know, whenever we hear a health statistic, the first question we should ask ourselves is how a statistic is defined. Definitions are everything. Only by reading critically can we begin to decipher the wordsmithing, the art of marketing. Read carefully what Dr. Weindruch said in his press release:

We have been able to show that caloric restriction can slow the aging process in a primate species. We observed that caloric restriction reduced the risk of developing an age-related disease by a factor of three and increased survival.
A stronger clue came from this quote in the press release:

There is a major effect of caloric restriction in increasing survival if you look at deaths due to the diseases of aging.

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The non-aging-related causes of death included monkeys who died while taking blood samples under anesthesia, from injuries or from infections, such as gastritis and endometriosis. These causes may not be aging-related as defined by the researchers, but they could realistically be adverse effects of prolonged calorie restrictions on the animals’ health, their immune system, ability to handle stress, physical agility, cognition or behavior.

Not that excessively low inflammation is likely to be much of a problem for most of us here. It is interesting that as deaths from infectious disease have fallen off--a failure of the immune defenses--inflammation and immune diseases seem to have taken off. I also wonder about the immune effects of IF, especially of the every other day fasting sort (24 hour dinner to dinner) in comparison to calorie restriction, even if the calories averaged out the same, the stimulus to the immune system should be very different.