PNSs in OWMs

[Marc Verha]

Paranasal pneumatization in extant and fossil Cercopithecoidea
TC Raea 2008 JHE 54:279-286

Unlike most primates, extant cercopithecoids lack maxillary
sinuses (MSs). Character state analysis of living
cercopithecoids across well-supported topologies suggests
that the MS was lost at the origin of the superfamily, only
to have evolved again convergently in extant macaques. Recent
work has shown :
a) the "early loss" hypothesis is supported by the lack of any
pneumatization in Victoriapithecus, a stem cercopithecoid,
b) like extant macaques, the fossil cercopithecine
Paradolichopithecus shows evidence of presence of the MS,
c) unlike extant colobines, the fossil colobine Libypithecus
also possesses a MS. To more fully assess the pattern of
cercopithecoid sinus evolution, fossil taxa from both
subfamilies (Colobinae, Cercopithecinae) were examined
both visually & by CT. The observations were evaluated
according to standard anatomical criteria for defining
sinus spaces, and compared with data from all extant OWM
genera. Most taxa examined conformed to the pattern
already discerned from extant cercopithecoids. MS absence
in Theropithecus oswaldi, Mesopithecus & Rhinocolobus is
typical for all extant cercopithecids except Macaca. The
fossil macaque Macaca majori possesses a well-developed
MS, as do all living Macaca spp. Cercopithecoides OTOH
differs from all extant colobines in possessing a MS.
Thus, paranasal pneumatization has re-emerged a minimum of
2, possibly 3 times in OWMs. The results suggest : MS
absence in cercopithecoids is due to suppression, rather
than complete loss.

[Nickname]

On Mar 24, 12:54 am, Marc Verhaegen
<m_verhae...@skynet.be> wrote:
> Paranasal pneumatization in extant and fossil
> Cercopithecoidea TC Raea 2008 JHE 54:279-286
>
> Unlike most primates, extant cercopithecoids lack maxillary
> sinuses (MSs). Character state analysis of living
> cercopithecoids across well-supported topologies suggests
> that the MS was lost at the origin of the superfamily, only
> to have evolved again convergently in extant macaques.
> Recent work has shown :
> a) the "early loss" hypothesis is supported by the lack of
> any pneumatization in Victoriapithecus, a stem
> cercopithecoid,
> b) like extant macaques, the fossil cercopithecine
> Paradolichopithecus shows evidence of presence of the MS,
> c) unlike extant colobines, the fossil colobine Libypithecus
> also possesses a MS. To more fully assess the pattern of
> cercopithecoid sinus evolution, fossil taxa from both
> subfamilies (Colobinae, Cercopithecinae) were examined
> both visually & by CT. The observations were evaluated
> according to standard anatomical criteria for defining
> sinus spaces, and compared with data from all extant OWM
> genera. Most taxa examined conformed to the pattern
> already discerned from extant cercopithecoids. MS absence
> in Theropithecus oswaldi, Mesopithecus & Rhinocolobus is
> typical for all extant cercopithecids except Macaca. The
> fossil macaque Macaca majori possesses a well-developed
> MS, as do all living Macaca spp. Cercopithecoides OTOH
> differs from all extant colobines in possessing a MS.
> Thus, paranasal pneumatization has re-emerged a minimum
> of 2, possibly 3 times in OWMs. The results suggest : MS
> absence in cercopithecoids is due to suppression, rather
> than complete loss.

Perhaps a parallel to He vs Hn vs Hs ?

[I think the PNS in macaques vs baboons is due to wet forest
pathogens, however that does not explain the further
enlargement in Homo.]

1) If (earliest) H erectus still had small-rudimentary
laryngeal air sacs from the LCA HP (which remained large in
apiths per Selam child), no enlarged PNS but enlarged
bell-like nose (for face dipping, shallow diving, diagonal
supine position floating eventually changing to
backfloating)

2) in H erectus and then H antecessor/heidelbergensis
enlarging of the PNS and complete loss of Lar. air sacs,
(broad large nose)

3) then in H neandertalensis further enlarging of the PNS due
to part- time diving/backfloating (no boats)

4) while in H sapiens no further enlarging of the PNS
(boats/nets replaced diving)

DD

[Marc Verha]

Op 24-03-2008 23:03, in artikel e719325c-8b08-46a4-bbe4-2bad7-
e72d7fa@s37g2000prg.googlegroups.com, nickname
<alas_my_loves@yahoo.com> schreef:

>> Paranasal pneumatization in extant and fossil
>> Cercopithecoidea TC Raea 2008 JHE 54:279-286 Unlike most
>> primates, extant cercopithecoids lack maxillary sinuses
>> (MSs). Character state analysis of living cercopithecoids
>> across well-supported topologies suggests that the MS was
>> lost at the origin of the superfamily, only to have evolved
>> again convergently in extant macaques. Recent work has
>> shown :
>> a) the "early loss" hypothesis is supported by the lack of
>> any pneumatization in Victoriapithecus, a stem
>> cercopithecoid,
>> b) like extant macaques, the fossil cercopithecine
>> Paradolichopithecus shows evidence of presence of
>> the MS,
>> c) unlike extant colobines, the fossil Libypithecus also
>> possesses a MS. To more fully assess the pattern of
>> cercopithecoid sinus evolution, fossil taxa from both
>> subfamilies (Colobinae, Cercopithecinae) were examined
>> both visually & by CT. The observations were evaluated
>> according to standard anatomical criteria for defining
>> sinus spaces, and compared with data from all extant OWM
>> genera. Most taxa examined conformed to the pattern
>> already discerned from extant cercopithecoids. MS
>> absence in Theropithecus oswaldi, Mesopithecus &
>> Rhinocolobus is typical for all extant cercopithecids
>> except Macaca. The fossil macaque Macaca majori
>> possesses a well-developed MS, as do all living Macaca
>> spp. Cercopithecoides differs from all extant colobines
>> in possessing a MS ...

> Perhaps a parallel to He vs Hn vs Hs ?

PNSs Hn>Hs>He:
- He seaside dispersal & pachyostotic (salt: small PNSs),
- Hn more inland (freshwater: large PNSs),
- Hs less aquatic (Hs<Hn).

> [I think the PNS in macaques vs baboons is due to wet forest
> pathogens, however that does not explain the further
> enlargement in Homo.]

OWMs generally live in dry forests (vs.apes), but Macaca
dispersed along the
S.Asia coasts ; many spp spend some time in water.

> 1) If (earliest) H erectus still had small-rudimentary
> laryngeal air sacs from the LCA HP (which remained large
> in apiths per Selam child), no enlarged PNS but enlarged
> bell-like nose (for face dipping, shallow diving,
> diagonal supine position floating eventually changing to
> backfloating)

- He: seaside dispersal & pachyostosis: no lar.airsacs
at all IMO,
- Selam = boisei IIRC (belonged IMO to G, not HP).

> 2) in H erectus and then H antecessor/heidelbergensis
> enlarging of the PNS and complete loss of lar.airsacs
> (broad large nose)
> 3) then in H neandertalensis further enlarging of the PNS
> due to part- time diving/backfloating (no boats)
> 4) while in H sapiens no further enlarging of the PNS
> (boats/nets replaced diving) DD

Yes.

Why MS in Cercopithecoides & Libypith?

--Marc